Photovoltaic energy from French Solar Cell Company

Dr Roland Einhaus from Apollon Solar (France) will speak on "Overview of Apollon Solaras R & D Activities" at the ANU in Canberra, 11:30am, 30 April 2010.

Overview of Apollon Solaras R & D Activities

Dr Roland Einhaus (Apollon Solar, France)

CECS SEMINAR SERIES

DATE: 2010-04-30
TIME: 11:30:00 - 12:30:00
LOCATION: Ian Ross Seminar Room ...

ABSTRACT:
Presentation of Silicon activities and discussion of module work ...

Obama Whitehouse on Energy and the Environment

The White House Office of Energy and Climate Change has issued an item on "Building a New Foundation for Energy and the Environment" (Anthony Russell, April 13, 2010):

In the last 15 months, President Obama and his Administration have made significant progress in changing the way America thinks about energy and the environment, making the vision of a 21st century clean energy economy a reality. From historic investments in clean energy infrastructure and technology; improved efficiency for buildings, appliances and automobiles; more diverse energy production from domestic and renewable sources; and reduced emissions that contribute to climate change – the President’s comprehensive strategy has put Americans back in control of their energy future, created new jobs and laid the foundation for long-term economic security, and led by example in exercising good stewardship of our environment.

To continue the progress, we need your help. President Obama believes, "...that change won’t come from Washington alone. It will come from Americans across the country who take steps in their own homes and their own communities to make that change happen." So today, in honor of the 40th Anniversary of Earth Day, President Obama is challenging Americans to take action to change our nation’s energy and environmental future.

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Visit WhiteHouse.gov/earthday to learn more about what you can do in your homes, communities, schools and businesses to answer the President’s call-to-action to help lay a new foundation for energy and the environment.

Computer reconfigurable classroom

Control Freaks (Russell Fortmeyer, Architectural Record, March 2010) claims that pervasive computer sensors and controls will radically reshape our approach to environmental controls in buildings, architecture more generally and city planning. One extreme example given is a computerised classroom which literally changes shape in response to the needs of the students. The Clemson University "Animated Work Environment" has proximity sensors to detect what the users are doing, it then adjusts not only the lighting but uses motors to move panels suspended above and around the users. In another example computer controlled water jets in the foyer of the Digital Water Pavilion in Zaragoza, Spain automatically detect someone approaching and switch off enough of the water curtain to let them pass.

The Crown Entertainment Complex in Melbourne has a set of programmable water jets in the foyer. However, these are separated from the guests and are used with a pre-programmed music and light show with no interaction with the environment and no attempt to use the for environmental conditioning.

Having motor controlled panels as in the Clemson University system looks problematic. Apart from the high cost of installation, there would be issues of maintenance and safety. Perhaps a more feasible way to reconfigure a workplace or classroom is with lighting. Low cost LED computer controlled red - blue - green lights are now becoming affordable. These have been used on new airliners, such as the Boeing 787, to allow the lighting of the cabin to be reconfigured depending on the phase of the flight and the outside conditions. This allows, for example, a warmer sunrise colour to be used to wake the passengers, after a long flight.

In the classroom the programmable lights could be used to optically reconfigure the shape of the room. For an intimate face-to-face discussion the room could be made round by dimming the lighting in the corners. For a traditional lecture, the room could be made fan shaped with the lecturer brightly lit at the apex. For individual work, each student workstation could be surrounded by a darkened space, increasing the sense of separation. This could be done at relatively low cost,m with no moving parts and no maintenance (the LED lights have a lifetime of about 15 years, at least equal to the life of a classroom).

Prime Minister's Task Group on Energy Efficiency Issues Paper

The Prime Minister's Task Group on Energy Efficiency - Issues Paper has been released. The group is to report on options for improvements in Australia's energy efficiency by 2020. Submissions close 3 May 2010.

Contents

• Prime Minister's Task Group on Energy Efficiency
• Why is energy efficiency important?
• Scope of the Task Group
• Achieving a step change in energy efficiency
• Principles for considering energy efficiency options
• Energy Production Efficiency
• Energy Efficiency in Energy Markets
• Energy Use Efficiency
• Embedding Behavioural Change
• Skills and knowledge
• Governance
• Investing in improved energy efficiency
• Attachment A: Terms of Reference
• Membership of the Task Group on Energy Efficiency
• Attachment B: Council of Australian Governments' Complementarity Principles

Prime Minister's Task Group on Energy Efficiency

The Government has established a Task Group on Energy Efficiency to report to the Prime Minister by mid-2010 on options to deliver a step change improvement in Australia's energy efficiency by 2020.

The Terms of Reference for the Task Group are included at Attachment A.

The Task Group will draw on ideas and opinions from people and organisations with an interest in energy efficiency, as well as local and international research and sources. This paper sets out some key issues on which we would value comments and views. It is not intended to be exhaustive - please raise any matter you see as relevant to the Task Group. The paper is intended to catalyse public discussion and does not imply any particular view by the Task Group or its individual members. Respondents should also not feel obliged to comment on all the matters raised in this paper.

Process for making a submission

There is no specified format for submissions. Your submission can range from a brief commentary on a particular aspect of current arrangements to more substantial assessment of a range of issues. You may choose to answer any or all of the boxed questions set out at the end of each section. Where possible, please provide data and evidence to support your submission.

The Task Group would prefer to receive submissions by email. For accessibility reasons, please submit in a Word or RTF format. An additional PDF version may also be submitted. You may lodge your submission in hard copy by post if you prefer.

Closing date for submissions: Monday 3 May 2010

Email: energyefficiency@climatechange.gov.au

Address written submissions to:

Secretariat to the Task Group on Energy Efficiency
c/- Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency
GPO Box 854
Canberra ACT 2600 Australia

For enquiries please contact the Secretariat on energyefficiency@climatechange.gov.au or on ph (02) 6159 7383.

All information (including name and address details) contained in submissions will be made available to the public on the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency website unless you indicate that you would like all or part of your submission to remain in confidence. Automatically generated confidentiality statements in emails do not suffice for this purpose. If you would like part of your submission to remain in confidence, please provide this information marked as such in a separate document. Legal requirements, such as those imposed by the Freedom of Information Act 1982, may affect the confidentiality of your submission.

Why is energy efficiency important?

Energy efficiency is important for a wide range of reasons. As well as lowering the cost of tackling climate change, energy efficiency has a range of potential co-benefits. Energy efficiency allows Australia to continue strong economic growth in the face of increasing energy costs; increases our energy security; and reduces the chance of peak energy demand causing problems for energy users. Energy efficiency improvements can reduce local air pollution; lower energy bills for households and businesses; and improve output for Australian businesses and amenity for Australian households. Energy efficiency measures and cost-effective distributed generation (such as solar roof panels, wind turbines, co-generation and tri-generation) can help delay the need for new electricity infrastructure investment.

Energy is a key input to nearly all of the things we do in our everyday life - it powers industry and business, as well as our households and most modes of transport. Australia's continued growth and prosperity will be dependent, in part, on how efficiently and wisely we use our energy resources.

Just as energy drives our economy, so too will climate change have impacts across all sectors of the economy. The combination of growing demand for energy and Australia's response to climate change will transform the way Australians think about and use energy.

Much of Australia's energy comes from fossil fuels such as coal and oil, which produce the greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change (and to local air pollution). Australia's substantial fossil fuel resources of coal and gas (including coal seam gas), along with Australia's growing renewable energy market, are capable of meeting both domestic demand and increased export demand over the coming decade. However, petroleum supplies are limited and Australia is increasingly reliant on imports for transport fuels. Australia's energy use is growing, and total demand for energy is projected to continue to increase with growth in Australia's economy and population, growing by more than 25 per cent over the next decade. This growth will require substantial investment to maintain and update Australia's electricity infrastructure (with more than $42 billion of investment either approved or proposed over the next five years). This investment is already having an impact on electricity prices and will continue to do so. Increasing world demand will also push up the prices of petrol, coal and gas - in a world thirsty for resources, our world competitiveness may be influenced by how energy efficient we are.

The Government is committed to a comprehensive response to climate change: reducing emissions, adapting to unavoidable climate change, and being part of the international response. The Prime Minister has identified energy efficiency as a key plank in the Government's suite of policies to reduce emissions and place Australia on the path to a low carbon economy. Removing barriers that stop us taking up energy efficient technology or behaving in a way that reduces energy use can deliver more cost effective opportunities to reduce emissions, thereby reducing the cost of meeting our 2020 emissions reduction target. Cost effective energy efficiency improvements can also lift the productivity of Australian businesses which in turn can contribute to Australia's competitiveness and national wellbeing. This will also help position the Australian economy and workers to take up opportunities in a changing global economy that will increasingly require lower carbon goods and services.

Improvements in energy efficiency today will mean energy bills don't need to go up by as much as energy prices, and will help position businesses and households to meet these challenges in the future.

The term energy efficiency is commonly used, yet it is difficult to precisely define. It is a generic term which can mean different things to different people - thermodynamic efficiency to an engineer, technical efficiency or economic efficiency to an economist, and energy conservation to an environmentalist. Improvement in energy efficiency can be achieved either by using less energy to achieve the same level of outcomes or improving the level of outcomes from the same amount of energy.

This Task Group is identifying options for delivering a step change improvement in Australia's energy efficiency by 2020 and placing Australia at the forefront of OECD energy efficiency improvement.

Questions for Consideration What do you see as the key goal(s) of energy efficiency? What is the simplest way of measuring progress against these key goal(s)? How could these key goal(s) be better communicated to all sectors of Australian society?

Australia's Energy Efficiency and Intensity

Source: IEA Key World Energy Statistics, 2009 Australia's total energy intensity (energy consumption per unit of outcome) is high by OECD standards. The International Energy Agency (IEA) notes that this is largely due to Australia's relatively inexpensive energy prices, long transport distances and energy intensive industrial structure.

Australia's Energy Efficiency and Intensity Australia's energy intensity has been decreasing over the last few decades at broadly the same rate as other developed countries (IEA Scoreboard 2009: 35 Key Energy Trends over 35 Years). Importantly, declines in energy intensity around the world have occurred at the same time as strong growth in GDP per capita, indicating that improvements in energy efficiency do not need to come at the expense of economic growth. Source: ABARE End use energy intensity in the Australian economy, 2009 Declines in Australia's energy intensity in recent decades represent a combination of changed energy efficiency and an economy-wide structural movement away from energy-intensive manufacturing and towards lower energy use service provision. Source: Implementing Energy Efficiency Policies, 2009 IEA calculations indicate that most of the energy intensity improvement in Australia came from structural change - that is moving from more energy intensive activity to less energy intensive activity. This is in contrast to most IEA countries where energy intensity improvement came from both energy efficiency improvement and structural change. Recent calculations by ABARE suggest that energy efficiency decreased Australia's energy consumption by six per cent between 1989-90 and 2006-07, while structural change contributed another five per cent reduction. Source: ABARE End use energy intensity in the Australian economy, 2009

Scope of the Task Group

Achieving a step change in energy efficiency

This Task Group is looking for ways to achieve a step-change improvement in Australia's energy efficiency by 2020, and to place Australia at the forefront of OECD energy efficiency improvement. The Task Group will identify energy efficiency opportunities that could make a significant contribution to the emissions reduction challenge beyond current measures, and recommend ways to implement these opportunities.

Internationally, most countries' energy intensity (that is, the amount of energy required per unit of economic output) has declined over recent decades. This has coincided with strong economic growth in most countries around the world. Australia's energy intensity is high by OECD standards but has also reduced over the last few decades driven primarily by an economy-wide movement away from manufacturing and towards service provision together with some sector-specific energy efficiency improvements. However, Australia's performance varies by sector and reflects a range of factors, including government policies, the structure of the economy, and the price of energy. (Further detail on Australia's current, historical and projected energy use and emissions levels is included at Attachment C.)

The Government has committed to reduce Australia's carbon pollution to 25 per cent below 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to a global deal to stabilise levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at 450 parts per million (ppm) CO2 equivalent or lower. If the world is unable to reach agreement on a 450ppm target, Australia will still reduce its emissions by between 5 and 15 per cent below 2000 levels by 2020. Meeting our 2020 emissions reductions targets will be challenging. Australia's 'abatement challenge' is 144 Mt CO2-e below 'business as usual' in 2020 under the -5 per cent target (a 22 per cent reduction), while under the -25 per cent target option the abatement challenge is 255 Mt CO2-e below business as usual (a 38 per cent reduction).

A significant proportion of this reduction is expected to come from energy efficiency improvements. The International Energy Agency estimates that over half of the global energy related emissions reduction required to meet a 450ppm target would be expected to come from energy efficiency.

Expected energy price increases over the next decade will help to drive energy efficiency improvements across the economy. Where there are market failures or barriers to take-up of energy efficiency improvements, then removing these barriers will reduce the impact of price rises and result in more cost effective emissions abatement.

Australian governments have already been active in seeking to reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions produced in Australia, and to promote an increased level of energy efficiency in Australia - and there are a number of existing policies and programs in place at all levels of government. The Australian Government has already announced over $5 billion in support for energy efficiency measures. Current measures are expected to deliver more than 38 million tonnes of abatement in 2020. Existing energy efficiency programs include regulatory reform, provision of better information on energy efficiency, capacity building, research and development, price signals, and financial incentives.

In considering opportunities to achieve a step change in energy efficiency, the Task Group will also consider the co-benefits of energy efficiency improvements, including reductions in non-greenhouse gas air pollution, health benefits, improved energy security, reduced energy costs for households, and infrastructure savings.

The Task Group will consider and advise upon implementation arrangements for individual measures, including different options for encouraging and driving new energy efficiency improvements. The Task Group will identify and address potential risks associated with the development and implementation of individual measures.

A large body of work has already been undertaken around energy efficiency (Attachment D lists some relevant references). The Task Group will draw upon this work, the submissions received in response to this Issues Paper, and the consultation process.

Questions for Consideration What do you consider a step change in energy efficiency to be? Where do you see the greatest potential for a step change improvement in energy efficiency in Australia over the next decade? What can be done to unlock this step change potential? What needs to be done to ensure step change keeps us at the forefront of OECD energy efficiency improvements? What non-greenhouse co-benefits could be delivered through a step change in energy efficiency in Australia? Which existing measures could be part of delivering step change? What role would they play? Consider Commonwealth, State and Territory, and local measures. Please comment on the relative efficiency of implementation options where applicable.

Interaction with the National Strategy for Energy Efficiency In July 2009 the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) agreed to a National Strategy on Energy Efficiency as part of the National Partnership Agreement on Energy Efficiency1. Through the National Strategy, the Commonwealth, States and Territories committed to a nationally consistent and coordinated approach to energy efficiency. This includes the implementation of a range of measures to assist in delivering cost-effective energy efficiency gains across the economy. The National Strategy encompasses a range of sectors where significant energy efficiency measures exist: commercial buildings, residential buildings, electricity markets, appliances and equipment, industry and business, government, transport, skills and training, innovation, and advice and education. All of these sectors are in scope for the work of this Task Group. This Task Group will direct its efforts to building on the National Strategy for Energy Efficiency, and will not duplicate it. The full National Strategy on Energy Efficiency can be found at: http://www.federalfinancialrelations.gov.au/content/ national_partnership_agreements/environment/energy_efficiency/energy_efficiency.pdf

Maximising the opportunities for energy efficiency improvement

The Task Group will recommend cost effective measures and mechanisms that have the potential to deliver a step change in energy efficiency. The Task Group's scope encompasses all sectors of the economy including (but not limited to) manufacturing and mining, energy, transport, government, residential, commercial, agriculture, services and construction. Measures and mechanisms to drive a step change may vary between different sectors.

In scope are possible opportunities for measures to improve efficiency across the energy lifecycle - from energy production, including the operation of the energy market, through to all types of energy use. There may also be synergies between these different areas which can yield energy efficiency improvements.

Energy efficiency opportunities across the energy lifecycle

The energy efficiency lifecycle can apply across the different types of energy consumed in Australia, not just electricity. Fuel and the transport market are an important part of the Task Group's scope.

It is also crucial that Australia builds the underlying capabilities that will be needed to drive and accelerate energy efficiency improvements over the next decade (including skills, knowledge and governance). These capabilities will be important to achieving a step change in energy efficiency and to achieving reductions in national and international emissions.

Principles for considering energy efficiency options

Complementarity principles

The Task Group's terms of reference at Attachment A assume that there will be an explicit carbon price within the Australian economy.

The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) has agreed a set of principles, at Attachment B. which guide whether or not a measure will be complementary to an explicit carbon price. Measures should adhere to the principles of efficiency, effectiveness, equity and administrative simplicity and should be kept under review.

Measures should generally be implemented by the level of government that is best able to deliver the measure (having regard to which level of government has legal or constitutional responsibility for delivery, the regulatory and compliance costs, and the coordination of delivery across jurisdictions).

These principles will assist governments to define and implement a coherent suite of greenhouse and energy policies, rather than 'picking winners' and implementing a series of ad hoc unconnected (or duplicative) programs which inevitably result in reduced effectiveness and higher cost to the economy.

Targeting known barriers

The Task Group has been asked to target known barriers to energy efficiency improvements, including (but not limited to):

• information asymmetries: not having the right information to make an energy efficient choice
• split incentives: where one party pays the energy bills, but has little or no influence over appliances, equipment or building management
• access to capital: finding the funds to invest in the research, design and deployment of energy efficiency improvements given capital constraints, and that the benefit of such investment can be shared by competitors and the community.
• technology risks: uncertainty about performance of energy efficiency equipment
• regulatory barriers: laws and regulations that prevent people from making the most energy efficient choice, including those that arise due to Australia's federal system of government
• energy pricing: the price paid by energy consumers for the generation and delivery of energy
• behavioural barriers: decision making and cultural factors that influence choices about energy efficiency by individuals and organisations.

Cost effective energy efficiency

A clear understanding of the economy-wide costs and benefits of different energy efficiency measures is important. Achieving a step change in energy efficiency will require energy efficiency improvements that deliver substantial cost effective emissions reductions.

Energy efficiency improvements will need to be cost effective on an economy-wide basis so that they can contribute to delivering the 2020 emissions reduction target at the lowest possible cost to the economy. Assessments of cost effectiveness will also take account of both cost-effectiveness to individuals and to governments.

Boosting productivity

Measures to improve energy efficiency should support and reinforce the Government's goal of increasing the productivity and competitiveness of the Australian economy, and improving the standard of living of all Australians.

Equity considerations

The Government's vision of a socially inclusive society is one in which all Australians have the resources, opportunities and capabilities they need to learn, work, engage and have a voice. Energy efficiency measures need to be implemented in a fair and equitable way, so that no groups are excluded or unfairly burdened. In Australia, those on lower incomes generally spend a greater proportion of their household budget on energy bills. They may also find it difficult to fund energy efficiency improvements in their homes. Effective and equitable policies are needed to manage energy efficiency issues for low income households and for other groups in society who might find energy efficiency actions difficult to undertake or access.

Geographic considerations

The demand for energy across the Australian community varies from place to place. Energy use in inner urban areas is different from energy requirements in remote areas. Energy reliability is also a consideration, particularly in remote regions. Some energy intensive industries are regionally concentrated - their ongoing operations have implications for local communities. Appropriate energy efficiency strategies and policies may vary by region.

Peak demand issues

The demand for energy across the Australian community varies widely across the time of day and season of the year. Rising demand for energy in peak periods (such as increasing air conditioning use during the hottest parts of days in summer) is currently driving significant investment in grid and generation infrastructure. Energy efficiency measures may be able to reduce peak demand, with resultant cost savings, improved energy security and enhanced efficiency in the use of infrastructure.

Questions for Consideration What do you believe are the key barriers to uptake of energy efficiency improvements? What would be the most efficient and effective way(s) of overcoming these barriers? What groups in society might find energy efficiency actions difficult to undertake or access? How can energy efficiency policies target these groups? How can energy efficiency measures be implemented in a way that takes into account the different energy needs of urban/regional and remote Australia? How do time-of-day and time-of-year changes in demand influence energy efficiency in Australia?

Energy Production Efficiency

Energy production efficiency is about increasing the amount of useful energy that can be transformed from a given amount of natural energy resources, such as coal, oil, gas, the sun, geothermal, and wind.Â

Energy production efficiency captures a range of opportunities including:

• more efficient mining, processing and transport of Australia's energy sources
• greater efficiency of a range of different energy generation technologies (including distributed generation, cogeneration and tri-generation)
• improvements in energy storage and utilisation of intermittent energy sources.

Within Australia, there is already a wide range of processes underway to improve our energy production, and drive innovation. Ideally, Australia's energy market should encourage companies to make use of more innovative and efficient technology as it becomes commercially viable, undercutting and displacing less efficient technology. Location suitability will continue to be important in extracting the maximum energy efficiency from Australia's energy sources.

This Task Group is seeking input on what further energy efficiency improvements can be achieved from improving existing drivers or from new measures.

Questions for Consideration What activities (Commonwealth and State) are currently working to improve energy production efficiency in Australia? Is there any way to make these activities work better? What changes could be made within the R&D and energy production sectors to improve the development of new options? How could Government better engage on energy production efficiency?

Energy Efficiency in Energy Markets

Energy markets have a strong influence on the efficient production, delivery and use of energy. The market price of energy and information available to energy end-users about market prices influence decisions on purchase and use of equipment.

Australian energy markets have undergone a number of reforms in recent decades. There has been a move towards nationally linked competitive electricity and gas markets with high levels of private investment, where generation, distribution and delivery of energy are handled by different players.

Domestic energy markets are also affected to some extent by traded energy resource prices in dynamic global energy markets and cost of factors of production. This can have implications for Australian retail energy and transport fuel prices.

In electricity and gas markets, the sector and governments have worked together to build more resilient and reliable markets, and to identify and remove some of the barriers to options that reduce demand for energy (including distributed generation and some forms of energy efficiency).

A significant expansion in Australia's energy infrastructure - particularly electricity generation and transmission - will be required in the next two decades if Australia is to meet its growing and changing demand for energy (with more than $42 billion of investment either approved or proposed over the next five years). Energy efficiency measures can help delay the need for new electricity infrastructure investment, and so improve Australia's energy security1.

Energy efficiency and distributed generation may play a role in increasing the security, stability and cost-effectiveness of energy markets. Distributed or embedded generation can result in lower transmission line losses because the generator is located close to the load. Distributed generators are also capable of higher overall energy efficiency if using co-generation or tri-generation, because waste heat can be used for heating and cooling. Distributed generation can help delay the need for new electricity infrastructure investment.

The National Strategy on Energy Efficiency includes measures to reduce impediments to the uptake of energy efficiency within the electricity markets. Under the National Strategy, governments are currently reviewing and developing actions to harness electricity markets to better enable the uptake of economic and cost-effective distributed generation and demand side initiatives, while maintaining reliability of supply for consumers and industry.

This Task Group is seeking input on how Australia's energy markets can play a role in achieving a step change in energy efficiency.

Questions for Consideration What activities (Commonwealth and State) are currently working to encourage energy efficient energy markets (including electricity and gas) and subsequent efficient end-use of energy? What practical and cost-effective things could make these activities work better? Noting current arrangements for energy market participants (generators, networks, retailers and consumers) what improvements could be made to support a step change in energy efficiency? What improvements could be made to national electricity market operations and network incentives? Are the current governance mechanisms adequate to allow for such a step change? Are there any significant structural or other barriers to improved energy efficiency within Australian energy markets (including but not limited to current features of design, regulation or operation)? Are there barriers to the deployment of distributed generation where it is cost effective, and would greater deployment of distributed generation improve energy efficiency outcomes? How could information access and flow within Australian energy markets be improved?

Energy Use Efficiency

Improved energy use efficiency enables people to use less energy to achieve the same outcomes. This might mean achieving the same level of production with lower energy use; getting from A to B with less fuel; or maintaining comfortable room temperature while using less energy.

Energy use efficiency encompasses not only the energy used in operating a machine, or appliance or building; it also encompasses the 'embodied energy' consumed in making that product (from the mining and processing of natural resources to manufacturing, transport and product delivery). A life cycle approach to energy efficiency also incorporates the energy required to dispose of that product. Such an approach is critical to ensure that more energy is not used in producing a top-of-the-range 'energy efficient' product than can be saved over the effective lifetime of using that product.

At an Australia-wide level, energy use efficiency allows for continuing economic growth, and continuing improvement in the wellbeing of the Australian population, while decreasing energy use and energy production2. As previously noted, energy efficiency measures may also have co-benefits such as reductions in local pollution, health benefits, and reduced energy costs for households.

Final energy use by sector
Source: ABARE Australian energy projections to 2029-30, 2010	Some sectors of the economy have significantly higher final energy consumption than others. These sectors may have more potential to contribute to an economy-wide step change in energy efficiency. However because of their higher energy dependence, some of these sectors may already have taken significant action to minimise energy use.

This Task Group is interested in potential energy use efficiency measures across all sectors of the economy, from large business to SMEs to households; including (but not limited to) manufacturing and mining, energy, transport, government, residential, commercial, agriculture, services and construction.

Household energy use efficiency

Over the last decade there has been some progress in energy efficiency in households, with improvements in building codes and in minimum standards for many major appliances. Â However, at the same time energy use per household has increased, as greater wealth and cheaper appliances have increased the uptake of a wide range of new energy-consuming products.

Households account for some 11 per cent of Australia's final energy use (not including energy use associated with passenger motor vehicles and motorbikes). This Task Group is looking for ways in which households can contribute to a step change in energy efficiency.

Industrial and large energy users

Just 220 companies are responsible for over 40 per cent of Australia's final energy use. Several large industrial users have dedicated effort to identifying and implementing energy efficiency opportunities - some substantial cost-effective savings have been identified and implemented through the Energy Efficiency Opportunities program.

There may also be further opportunities that can be uncovered, and even small savings in this sector remain relatively very large as a proportion of total energy use. The Task Group will be reviewing available data and engaging the companies concerned to seek to discuss their progress on energy efficiency and consider whether further measures might assist.

Commercial building energy use efficiency

Commercial buildings make a large contribution to Australia's greenhouse emissions. Governments have recently announced increases to energy efficiency standards for new buildings and the introduction of mandatory disclosure for commercial buildings, as part of the National Strategy on Energy Efficiency. However, there is still substantial potential to reduce emissions by further improving new buildings and by retrofitting the stock of existing commercial buildings.

Government energy use efficiency

Governments are important end users of energy in the community. Improving the energy efficiency of Australian, State and local Governments' operations will contribute to reducing Australia's total energy consumption (and help to meet its greenhouse abatement goals). Government action will also, importantly, demonstrate leadership and encourage wider community acceptance of measures to increase energy efficiency.

The National Strategy on Energy Efficiency includes a range of measures to improve the energy efficiency of government operations, including through improved energy efficiency of government buildings and government travel. This Task Group will look for further opportunities where government leadership on energy efficiency might be demonstrated.

Transport energy use efficiency

The transport sector accounts for around 39 per cent of Australia's final energy use (including energy used by passenger motor vehicles and motorbikes). Australia is increasingly reliant on imports to supply our demand for transport fuels.

The scope for energy efficiency improvements in transport is very broad - improvements can potentially come from making existing technologies more efficient, switching to more efficient modes of transport, and (over the longer term) improving the liveability of our cities in ways which reduce the need for travel. The range of co-benefits from improving the energy efficiency of the transport sector are also substantial and include the potential for significant cost savings from more fuel efficient cars; reduced local air pollution; and more enjoyable urban areas.

More than three quarters of transport emissions come from road transport. Within road transport, there may be substantial potential to improve energy efficiency at relatively low cost. The International Energy Agency estimates that for the world as a whole, the fuel consumption of new light duty vehicles could by halved by 2030 at low cost to consumers. Â

Questions for Consideration What energy use efficiency measures (Commonwealth, State and local) are currently working in your sector? What practical changes could make these measures work better? What further cost-effective measures could be used to deliver a step change improvement in energy efficiency in your sector? What metrics might usefully be applied in assessing measures for improving energy efficiency in your sector? How might competing proposals be assessed? Where do you see the greatest potential for a step change improvement in transport energy efficiency in Australia over the next decade and over the longer term?

Embedding Behavioural Change

Energy efficiency is intrinsic to a range of decisions that people and firms make every day - from remembering to turn off appliances or what kind of television to buy, to decisions about how to travel to work, or where to holiday, through to major investment decisions about infrastructure.

People are often wary of changing the way they've always done things - be it using new technologies, developing new or different habits, or changing their way of thinking. This is particularly true if available choices are broad and complex, and the information available is varied, inconsistent and difficult to access.

A greater focus on energy use over the next decade is expected to drive behavioural change across all sectors of the economy. Price signals play an important part in driving behaviour, however, electricity and gas bills account for only around three per cent of the average Australian household's expenses; and some 95 per cent of Australia's output comes from firms that spend less than three percent of their costs on energy. For these householders and firms, price alone may not drive behaviour to seek out improvements in energy efficiency.

However, prioritising energy efficiency in daily decisions will be a key part of achieving a step change in energy efficiency. Australians will need to embed thinking about, and acting on, energy across all aspects of their lives - their transport options, their lifestyle decisions, their workplace, and how they make business decisions.

The consumption choices that individuals and businesses make today will, to some extent, 'lock in' their energy consumption over the next decade. If a household or business buys a car with poor fuel-efficiency in 2010, then that car will stay on Australia's roads well into the coming decade. If a company invests in energy efficient plant or equipment today then that will decrease their energy bill over the life of the equipment.

Questions for Consideration What can be done in Australia to develop a culture around energy efficiency improvement? What barriers exist to behaviour change at home, in transport, and at work? What could trigger or motivate change? What more can be done to make energy efficiency opportunities simple and accessible across all areas of people's lives? Is current information about improving energy efficiency relevant, personalised and available? How could this be improved?

Building Capability

Skills and knowledge

The transition to a low-carbon future will demand knowledge and skills that may not be sufficiently available in Australia at present. These might be in research and development, technology deployment, energy markets, or energy efficiency implementation within businesses and households. The National Strategy on Energy Efficiency committed to develop a National Energy Efficiency Skills Initiative to help fill this gap.

Questions for Consideration What workforce shortages and skills gaps (current and emerging) do you see in Australia in relation to energy efficiency? What measures would most effectively address these shortages and gaps?

Governance

Governance refers to institutional arrangements for developing, driving and monitoring energy efficiency policy and programs. Commonwealth, State and Territory governments will play a key part in this, but governance also extends to other institutions that help drive energy efficiency.

Effective governance of energy efficiency is essential to achieving a step change in energy efficiency, and requires engagement, collaboration and coordination between all stakeholders.

Effective governance and ongoing advances in energy efficiency will also require a strong base of evidence and information that can be used to monitor, evaluate and improve initiatives across the economy.

The Government is pursuing a deregulation agenda to reduce regulatory burden and ensure that where it is necessary to regulate, it is consistent with best practice. Energy efficiency measures should be administratively efficient, and not add unnecessarily to the overall regulatory burden.

Questions for Consideration What do you see as the critical governance challenges and opportunities for improving energy efficiency in Australia? Which institutions should play a role in governance arrangements for energy efficiency? Are there international examples of good institutional arrangements that Australia could adopt? What information should be used to provide a stronger evidence base for future policy, monitoring and evaluation? What is the most effective way to collect and distribute this information?

Investing in improved energy efficiency

Improving energy efficiency can require upfront investment. New investments in improved energy efficiency can be inhibited by a range of factors: capital may be scarce, or subject to competing investment priorities; returns on energy efficiency may not be well understood; obtaining external finance and the services to deliver improvements may be difficult; existing systems may be entrenched, and staff or boards may resist changes.

High up-front cost of energy efficient improvements can be addressed in a variety of ways, including through high level leadership, better dissemination of information, or the provision of other support - although these all come at a cost and need to be assessed against other priorities.

Energy efficiency measures to be delivered by the Government will reflect the Government's fiscal position and priorities in coming years.

Other initiatives such as energy performance contracting, green leasing arrangements, and packaged energy efficiency services have been demonstrated as an effective way to deliver energy efficiency, but much of their potential remains unrealised in Australia. Innovative solutions and entrepreneurial approaches to implementing energy efficiency improvements will support delivery of a step change in energy efficiency.

Questions for Consideration What are the cost-effective ways in which governments can facilitate new investment in energy efficiency? What can governments do to leverage greater understanding, viability and uptake of more innovative approaches to financing and implementing energy efficiency? What are some new or different business models that improve energy efficiency? How could governments foster these?

...

1 Energy security requires an adequate, reliable and affordable supply of energy to support the functioning of the economy and social development.

2 Because there are energy losses in the transmission of energy, if end-users reduce their demand by one megawatt hour, then the production of energy will reduce by more than this.

From: Prime Minister's Task Group on Energy Efficiency - Issues Paper

Energy research in India

Professors S. Iniyan and L. Suganthi from Anna University (Chennai, India) will talk on energy and research modelling at the Australian National University in Canberra, 24 February 2010.

Seminar on energy and research modelling from two highly regarded researchers from Anna University (Chennai, India)

• 11:00–11:30 Prof. L. Suganthi – Macroeconomic energy modelling
• 11:30–12:00 Prof. S. Iniyan – Energy research at Anna University
  

11:00–12:30 Wednesday 24 February
Seminar Room R214, Engineering Building 32, ANU, North Road, Canberra

Professors Iniyan and Suganthi are visiting as part of a partnership with the ANU Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems. They are collaborating on the project Technical and economic assessment of improved Solar Photovoltaic Linear Concentrators and determination of market potential in India, funded by the Australia–India Strategic Research Fund.

Professor S. Iniyan is Professor and Director of the Institute for Energy Studies. He is a mechanical engineer, with a PhD on an optimal renewable energy mathematical model for India. Professor Iniyan has published over 130 papers, including over 25 in international journals.

Professor L. Suganthi is Professor & Head of the Department of Management Studies. She researches Energy Modelling and Energy Optimisation, as well as general management areas such as information systems, forecasting, and quality management. She has coauthorred the book “Total Quality Management” and published over 160 papers.

Malaysian Green Technology Policy

The Malaysian Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water provide several energy efficiency policy, industry and householder guides via their website. While the content of these is very useful (the incentives for industry in particular), the formatting of the reports in very large PDF files makes them difficult to access:

• National Green Technology Policy - eBook: Part 2, Part 3, Part 4 (Bahasa Malaysia)
• Incentives For Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Guidebook
• Your Guide to Energy Efficiency at Home- eBook: Part 1

The policy is in Bahasa Malaysia, but web based translation does a reasonable job (other documents are in English):

Green Country Technology Policy

Contents
iii foreword from Prime Minister of Malaysia
iv foreword from Minister of Energy, Technology: Green and Clean
02 Background
04 Definitions
05 Green Country Technology Policy
06 Objectives
08 National Goals
11 Strategic Thrust
17 Key Indicators

From: National Green Technology Policy - eBook (Part 1 translation), Malaysian Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, July 2009

Incentives For Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency in Malaysia

Table of Contents

1. Introduction 2
2. Purpose of Handbook 2
3. Definitions 2
4. Fiscal Incentives for Renewable Energy (RE) 3
4.1 Eligibility for RE Incentives 3
4.2 Types of Incentives for RE 4
4.2.1 Pioneer Status (PS) 4
4.2.2 Investment Tax Allowance (ITA) 4
4.2.3 Eligible Activities for PS and ITA 4
4.2.4 Import Duty and Sales Tax Exemption 5
5. Fiscal Incentives for Energy Efficiency (EE) 5
5.1 Eligibility for EE Incentives 5
5.2 Types of Incentives for EE 6
5.2.1 Pioneer Status (PS) 6
5.2.2 Investment Tax Allowance (ITA) 6
5.2.3 Eligible Activities for PS and ITA 6
5.2.4 Import Duty and Sales Tax Exemption 6
6. Choice of Optimum Incentives 7
6.1 Eligibility for PQ Incentives 7
6.2 Types of Incentives for PQ 7
7. Application Process for RE and EE Incentives 7
7.1 Third Party Distributors for Import Duty
and Sales Tax Exemption 8
8. Conclusions 9
Annex 1: Calculations for ITA benefits 10
Annex 2: Extracts from Budget 2009 15
Annex 3: MIDA Guidelines 17
Annex 4: ST Guidelines 25

From: Incentives For Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency in Malaysia, Malaysian Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, October 2009

Your Guide to Energy Efficiency at Home

Contents

INTRODUCTION 2
What is energy efficiency? 2
Why do we need to use electricity efficiently? 2
YOUR MONTHLY ELECTRICITY BILL 3
Electricity consumption in your home 4
Cost of electrical appliances usage 4
Formula to calculate the cost of
using electrical appliances 5
Reducing your electricity bills 8
Auditing your home 8
BUYING EFFICIENT ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 13
Energy labelling 15
Energy performance of electrical equipment 15
USING ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT WISELY 17
Energy Saving Tips in:
• The Kitchen 18
• Refrigerator and Freezer 18
• Kettle 20
• Oven And Microwave Oven 21
• Cooker Hoods 22
• The Laundry And Bathroom 22
• The Living Room 26
• Home Entertainment 30
• Computers 32
• Lighting 34

From: Your Guide to Energy Efficiency at Home (Part 2), CETREE - Center for Education and Training in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, Malaysian Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, November 2009

Smart Home in Sydney for Free

The NSW Government is offering a family a free smart home in Sydney for a year. The family will receive free accommodation in return for writing about their experience using the energy and water efficient features of the house at the Newington Smart Village Project in western Sydney.

A "Smart Home Family brief" is provided. This is a 2.39 Mb zip file with:

• Smart Houme (sic.) add 8-2-10.pdf
• Smart Home Family Application 8-2-10.doc
• Smart Home Family Brief 8-2-10.pdf
• Making a tender response to Smart Homes.doc

A house has been acquired in the Sydney suburb of Newington to be the Smart Home. It is being developed to be a ‘house of the future’ showcasing and testing new technologies to reduce household energy and water use and greenhouse gas emissions.

The house, like other Newington houses, was designed and built to minimise energy and
water requirements. The Newington Smart Home already has:

• passive design features such as a northerly aspect, well placed trees, window glazing and insulation to reduce the need for heating and cooling appliances;
• a 1kW solar power systems to supplement the home’s electricity supply;
• grey water; and
• a gas‐boosted solar hot water system. ...

The Newington Smart Village

The Newington Smart Village is being established as a trial by EnergyAustralia and Sydney Water. The Smart Village will use innovative energy and water management
technology to give 1,000 households in Newington and Silverwater the ability to reduce their environmental footprint and their household utility bills. This is a $10 million, two‐year program.

The Smart Village Program’s scope covers:

• Next Generation Smart Meters ‐ 1,000 household electricity smart meters with two‐way communication will be installed as well as 1,000 water meters and 500 recycled water meters. This allows Sydney Water and EnergyAustralia to communicate with residents on household energy and water use via a one‐stop‐shop website or in‐house display.
• Smart grid switches – New smart switches are being installed on the electricity network to give EnergyAustralia greater information and monitoring of the network, and of Smart Village energy use. It will also allow faster response to power outages.
• Home Area Networks (HANs) in 100 homes ‐ This will allow smart appliance monitoring and control so households can remotely turn appliances on and off using iPhones (if they have them) or via a tailored website. This will help homes better control their energy use and equipment, running costs and greenhouse emissions.
• In‐house displays and tailored household websites – This will give households real time information on energy and water use, cost, greenhouse impact. The website includes the ability to compare use and enter neighbourhood competitions.
• Incentives to reduce energy use ‐ Households can choose to trial innovative incentive packages and products, such as bill rebates for reducing energy use below normal in peak times, and free use of electric vehicles.
• Renewable energy solutions – will be added to the grid as part of the trial including energy storage solutions to offset peak electricity demand and renewable energy technologies such as fuel cells. Electric cars and car recharging connection points on the electricity grid will also be tested. ...
  

From: "Newington Smart Home Family -
Brief", EnergyAustralia, February 2010

Curiously, applicants have to apply via the Energy Australia E-Tendering Portal. The tendering system requires the entry of complex information and does not suit such a competition. The tendering process and documentation is more than is reasonable for a family to complete.

Unfortunately the demonstration smart home appears to be of the same time as previous failed smart home projects, including the iHome at Pyrmont in Sydney. These projects equip homes with computer operated controls which require an excessive amount of attention from the householder. Experience shows that the novelty of such systems wears off quickly. The householder does not want to know the power consumption of their home minute by minute or to be able to control appliances remotely. They want the systems to be autonomous: that is the appliances control themselves. In many cases a combination of computerised, simile electronic and mechanical controls are better than full automation. In the case of the Sydney iHome, the high technology systems were removed at the end of the trial, as they provided no useful service to the house holder. It therefore makes little sense to conduct another such trial of a failed approach to energy saving.

Also the competition process has problems it is using the system designed for companies to submit tenders, so that private citizens are instructed to pretend they are overseas companies, to avoid having to enter an Australian ABN. Instructing citizens to enter false information into a government tendering system would appear to be a bad precedent to set.

Details For Notice #ENERGY-447194

SMART HOME FAMILY
This tender is
CURRENT
· TenderLink Ref : ENERGY-447194
· Type of Notice : Request for Tender
· Region : New South Wales
· Contract Value : Not Specified
Closing Date/Time 22/02/2010 6:00 p.m. NSW

EnergyAustralia and Sydney Water are looking for a "Smart Home Family", including a resident writer, to occupy and write of their experiences in the Newington Smart Home located within the Newington Smart Village Project. A house is being developed to showcasing both current best practice and be a real life laboratory testing new technologies to reduce household energy and water use and greenhouse gas emissions. The Smart Home will be integrated with an intelligent electricity grid and its key objectives include:

• To provide a feature location for education on sustainable energy and water usage, smart metering and publicising the Newington Smart Village trial;
• To showcase and test 'best of breed' appliances and quantify the potential energy and water savings;
• To demonstrate the opportunities and benefits of a Home Area Network (HAN) environment;
• To explore alternative electricity supply and storage options, such as micro generation and battery storage technology; and
• To showcase the use of an electric vehicle and monitor its charging patterns, and potential integration with the battery storage.

Smart Home Family will increase the educational benefits of the house through living and reporting on their experience. A full description of the project and requirements of the family is provided in the Smart Home Family brief.

From: #ENERGY-447194, EnergyAustralia, 2010

Cloud Computing to Reduce Greenhouse Emissions

Cloud Computing could be used to reduce energy use and allow for more use of renewable energy, by shifting processing off desktop PCs and onto shared data centres.

At a new year's party I was asked how to reduce greenhouse emissions at home. This was by an engineer who works part time from their home office. One thing I suggested was a lower power computer. However, they explained that they need to perform complex engineering calculations which take several days on a desktop computer. A slow low power computer would result in the calculations taking weeks.

Instead I suggested using cloud computing, with the computations run not on the home computer but on one rented for the purpose, as required. An example of this is the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2).

Amazon.com offer configurations (call "instances") of the services they provide optimised for data base ("High-Memory") or computations ("High-CPU"). Amazon offer a choice of Linux or Microsoft Windows operating systems, with Windows costing about 20% more. The number of the processors can also be selected. However, the engineering application is limited to running on Microsoft Windows and has not been optimised for multiprocessor machines.

The user can specify the number of "virtual cores" provided and the number of "EC2 Compute Units" for each. The compute units are measured relative to a 2007s era 1.0-1.2 GHz Intel Opteron processor. Offered are 1, 2, and 3.25 EC2 Compute Units. These appear to relate to the speed of the actual processors Amazon.com is using, rather than an arbitrary allocation by a virtual operating system.

One anomaly is that the High-CPU Instances have smaller EC2 Compute Units than the High-Memory Instances. The High-CPU Instances are much lower price than the High-Memory Instances.

Assuming that a computation takes two days on Amazon's standard instance (US$0.12 per hour), this would cost US$5.76. One such calculation per week, would cost about US$300 per year, a cost comparable to a desktop computer. Amazon.com also offers Spot Instances, where unused capacity is auctioned. This would suit engineering calculations which are not time critical.

Working out if using Amazon.com's service would actually reduce energy use would be a complex process. This would depend firstly on how the desktop alternative was used. If a computer was dedicated to computations and turned off when not needed, then the power use would be low (not including the embedded energy in making the computer). More likely the computer would be used for normal office applications. In hat instance the processor may lower its energy use for the less demanding application.

The energy management of Amazon.com's system is not well known publicly. Perhaps Amazon.com need to offer greenhouse gas emissions as one of the parameters for their system. The use could then select a processing site which might use renewable energy, for example, to power the processors.

Assuming that Amazon.com's processors are fully occupied, then they should use less energy and cause less greenhouse gas emissions than a desktop computer which is idle much of the time. Also assuming that Amazon.com's computers are in a well designed data centre building then the air conditioning cost of cooling the system should be lower than for an office building (if the desktop computer is at home then hopefully it is naturally cooled with no air-conditioning).

Perhaps this is something I need to set as an exercise for my Green Information Technology students.

White roofs and computers to combat climate change

I will be interviewed on Eastside 87.9 FM Radio in Sydney at 4pm Wednesday about how to save energy to combat climate change. This was promoted by a media report that the the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Robert Doyle, has proposed roofs of inner city buildings be painted white to make them cooler. According to ABC TV's Green Guru, this is plausible. However, before doing this I would suggest looking at insulating the roof. The Australian Government's Home Insulation Program provides up to $1,200 ceiling insulation in homes. But hopefully we will get around to talking about how computers and telecommunications can be used to reduce energy. In the case of high rise inner city buildings, the roof area is relatively small and painting it will make little difference to the energy use of the building.

In the case of apartments what will make a difference is lowering the amount of energy used in lighting, particularly by replacing halogen down-lights with more efficient compact fluorescent or LED lights. For office buildings what will make a difference is lowering the amount of heat generated by office equipment. Office equipment wastes energy in two ways: by directly using electricity and by the waste heat having to be extracted from the building by air conditioning. Some simple measures are to turn off screen savers of computers, set energy savings setting to turn the screen and disk drives off after a few minutes of non use and switch the computer to low power or off. Other measures include buying more energy efficient and less equipment. Two of my favourite savings are to buy lower power (cheaper) computers and to buy fewer printers.

ps:I n some cases Insulating Paint Additive might help for a roof. Perhaps even more exotically, reflective paint might be used. This would allow a roof to appear to be a dark colour, but would reflect light strongly from the direction it was shone. In the case of sunlight, it would be reflected back up into the sky.

Copenhagen Climate Change Challenge

Greeting from the Professor Roel Snieder, Colorado School of Mines, who is talk on "The Global Energy Challenge" at the Australian National University. He is the author of A Guided Tour of Mathematical Methods for the Physical Sciences and The Art of Being a Scientist. The talk is part of the Toyota-ANU Public Lecture Series 2009, which is timely as John Ward mentioned in his introduction, the Prime Minister launched Toyota's Australian made hybrid Camry last week. Professor Snieder talked about another car, the Tata Nano, now being made in India, which while it will use less fuel than a larger vehicle, it will still use a large amount in the numbers predicted to be sold. He made the point that this fuel was created over millions of years and is being used up. Exactly when the rate of oil production will peak is debatable, but it will peak within a few decades.

Professor Snieder discussed alternatives to oil for fuel. Ethanol can be used, but currently competes with food crops for feedstock. If cellulose can be converted to fuel this would allow non-food plants to be used, but this requires scientific breakthroughs. Conversion of shale oil or coal to fuel is feasible, but will produce CO2 emissions.

Ironically at this point someone called me from the Copenhagen climate change summit so I had to nip out of the talk and missed a bit. When I returned Professor Snieder was talking about the effect of the loss of ice. Sea level rises will result in the loss of parts of Florida, Holland and Bangladesh. He pointed out that the people effected are not necessarily those who caused the problem.

Professor Snieder then presented the "good news": 60% of energy in the US is wasted. This is good news, as it provided the opportunity for energy efficiency to reduce carbon emissions, as well as fossil fuel use. He used the example of a hotel he stayed in recently where both the room heater and air conditioner were on at the same time. Energy saving measures will save money in the long term. Government incentives can help with this and create jobs at the same time.

Professor Snieder quoted Michele Tolela Myers: "I think we have a responsibility to insist that education is more than learning job skills, that it is also the bedrock of a democracy (from "A Student Is Not an Input" NY Times, March 26, 2001). He argued that there is a role of students to push for energy conservation and they can do projects about it. However, I would argue that green job skills can also be incorporated in courses, as I do in teaching "Green Information Technology Strategies" (COMP7310) to masters students at the ANU.

The Professor ended by inviting anyone to read and download the slides from his presentation. He welcomed reuse and changed of the slides, but asked if they were changed to please change the attribution.

At question time he pointed out that carbon sequestration was the most expensive option.

Professor Snieder is also conducting a short course for research students at ANU and will gie a talk on carbon sequestration at ANU on Thursday at 4pm.