The Personal Computer and Monitors Energy Efficiency Strategy

1. Executive Summary

2. Introduction

3. Background

4. Brief Review of the Current Situation

5. The Challenge

6. The Australian ICT Industry View

7. The Personal Computer and Monitors Energy Efficiency Strategy Overview

8. Addressing personnel and skills shortages

9. Appendix: Terms of Reference

10. Appendix: Apple Pty Limited (Australia) environmental information on the web

11. Appendix: Climate Savers Computing

12. Appendix: Computers Off Australia

13. Appendix: HP "Energy engagement" information

14. IBM on Energy Efficiency

15. Intel on Energy Efficiency

16. Appendix: AIIA on Energy Efficiency

17. Appendix: Environmental Standards and Requirements from Recent Government Requests for Tender

18. Appendix: Web Based Labels for Environment Claims

This version: http://www.tomw.net.au/technology/it/pcmees/pc-report-10.shtml

Latest version: http://www.tomw.net.au/technology/it/pcmees/

Previous version: http://www.tomw.net.au/technology/it/pcmees/pc-report-04.html

This paper has been prepared for the Department of Environment, Heritage and the Arts.

Prepared by Tom Worthington FACS HLM
PO Box 13
Belconnen ACT 2617
Email: pcmeps2@tomw.net.au
Web Address: http://www.tomw.net.au/
ABN: 17 088 714 309

Acknowledgment: Thanks to Michael McCann, of Energy Strategies, for permission to use the format of his report Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning High Efficiency Systems Strategy (HVAC HESS) (October 2007). and many of the words from it.

Australian and international ICT industry members provided input to this report, as did the Department of Environment, Heritage and the Arts. However, this is not intended as an accepted industry or government position and the views expressed here are those of the author and not necessarily of any industry body, company or government agency.

The author has made its best efforts to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data used herein. Corrections and amendments would be welcome. The author is a Director of the Australian Computer Society, technical advisor to Computers Off Australia and an Adjunct Senior Lecturer, Australian National University. These are unpaid honorary positions and the author derives no income from these sources.

Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia License.

Executive Summary

The purpose of this document is to propose a strategy for the Australian ICT industry, in conjunction with government, to improve the energy efficiency of PCs and Monitors in Australia.

This strategy proposes voluntary use of the US EPA Energy Star program by the Australian ICT industry and web based industry and consumer education programs on energy efficiency. It is proposed that Australian federal and state governments encourage this voluntary program by government purchasing Energy Star products and by government using the web based information in product selection. While the program would be voluntary, those companies which did not offer Energy Star rated products and did not provide details of them on the web would be excluded from government tenders.

It is proposed that industry work with government on consumer and professional education on sustainability, using the Internet as a delivery mechanism. International initiatives on ICT energy efficiency should be encouraged in Australia, along with locally developed programs. A government sponsored free e-learning package for universities and professional bodies to train ICT professionals in sustainability is proposed.

It is proposed that Australia set a target of a 50% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ICT by 2020. This will contribute a 1% overall reduction in Australia's greenhouse gas emissions.

Measures:

1. Mandatory Energy Efficiency in Government Procurement: Require Energy Star conformance for federal government procurement and for federally funded programs, such as computers in schools. Use a simplified version of US Government procedures. Require energy efficiency product specifications to be on the web in the standard format.

2. Develop Sustainable ICT E-learning Modules: Sponsor a free e-learning package for universities and professional bodies to train ICT professionals in sustainability. Focus the content on energy efficiency and draw on case studies of real world energy saving projects.

3. Audit ICT Energy Use Annually: Demonstrate the efficacy of ICT energy saving by regular audits of ICT energy use. Develop an annual ICT energy audit, based on previous ICT audit and analysis used for greening whitegoods.

4. Voluntary Energy Star Standard for Industry: Adopt the US Energy Star Program as the basis of a voluntary standard for efficient PCs and monitors.

5. Standard Web Format for Environmental Product Data: Develop a standard format to display energy efficiency data and other environmental data on the web, suitable for both consumers and corporate users. In Australia. Propose the format as an international standard.

6. Promotion and Market Information, Finding Shared Incentives: Promote and support energy saving to consumers. Encourage international consortia to expand their programs to Australia. Encourage the ICT industry to support local initiatives.

Next Steps for Industry and Government

1. Decide which measures to adopt

2. Cost and schedule the measures

Introduction

The ICT industry is relatively new, having grown from almost nothing in the early 1960’s to an industry that accounts for 4.6 per cent of Australia’s total GDP¹. Despite the scale of the services provided across all sectors of the economy, and the value delivered it is rarely regarded or recognized as an industry in its own right. The lack of recognition of this critical national industry has had implications for training and education planning, certification and career path development, and human resources availability.

The industry’s clients, individuals and organizations, have had little direct financial incentive to demand highly efficient PCs. The ICT section of an organization is responsible for equipment purchase, but the benefits of energy efficiency in reduced energy and air conditioning costs, will normally flow to he facilities management section. Home computer users will be unable to see the savings of a more efficient computer in their quarterly household energy bills.

However, energy use is becoming more visible due to climate change. Incentives for improved energy efficiency are emerging as market demand, and regulatory push, for reporting on various indices of efficiency and sustainability gain traction and recognition. Many individuals and industry participants, acknowledge that there is much that can be done to improve the efficiency of the installed base of PCs and Monitors, and to ensure more efficient systems are designed and built.

Many suggest that not much could be expected to change unless there were additional regulatory requirements underpinning realistic compliance regimes, reporting, inspection and/or standards. Others argue that such regulation could be relatively light handed, but would be very effective where the industry is economically motivated. Given the rate of turnover of PCs and monitors, it is possible that Australia will be able to reduce the relative energy used for PCs and monitors over the coming decade with little effort. However adoption of a strategy should significantly accelerate this and reduce the energy consumed and the emissions produced, per unit of services provided, as well as in absolute terms. PCs and monitors represent low hanging fruit, which provide a relatively quick and easy way to reduce CO² emissions from ICT and overall nationally and globally.

Background

While there has been discussion over many years about energy efficiency in Personal Computers and monitors in most cases highly energy efficient PCs have not become the accepted norm for personal and organizational users. In recent years other nations have placed emphasis on raising the energy efficiency of components, but systems using these components not increasing in overall efficiency to the same degree. The proposed Australian strategy is to approach the challenge of energy efficiency from a systems perspective. This holistic approach is intended to deliver improved energy efficiency for PCs in Australia and to set the example for a 50% reduction in CO² from ICT by 2020, thus contributing 1% to the overall national and international reduction in emissions.

The ability of information and communications technology (ICT) to contribute to reductions in climate change emissions is not in question. What is at issue is the economic and other processes which motivate individuals and organizations in the choice of equipment and how the use that equipment. By addressing these issues Australia can play an important role in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

ICT could be regarded as an essential service. The operation of modern society relies on computers and telecommunications for culture, commerce and government. The industry that delivers computers and communications is referred to in this document as the ICT industry. This industry encompasses engineering and design services, hardware, manufacturing and fabrication, construction, installation and commissioning, software and controls design, operation and maintenance. However, this report concentrates on desktop computers, portable notebook (laptop) computers and desktop monitors.

Research conducted by Ethan Group, for the Australian Computer Society (ACS), found²:

• ICT usage by Australian businesses represents 2.84% of the emissions attributed to the stationary energy component (energy consumed excluding transportation), and 1.52% of the total national emissions, which totalled 522.2 Mt CO2 ...

• One of the biggest power consumption demands comes from employees’ personal workstation equipment, which is generally in an operational state for 12 hours per day, and in many cases is not switched off.

• ICT’s carbon emissions are comparable in size to other industries such as civil aviation, which is estimated to generate 0.97% of total carbon emissions and metal production (mostly iron and steel), which accounts for around 2.3% of total carbon emissions and the cement industry at around 1%. ...

The overall efficiency of installed PCs will not increase as fast as for new models, due to the installed base of old equipment. A strategy designed to address the obstacles to energy efficient operation in this class of technology has to deal with a number of obstacles, and take a variety of approaches to deal with an existing base of equipment as well as new devices.

A strategy for ICT needs to take a different approach to that applied in areas such as the Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning High Efficiency Systems Strategy (ICT HESS). ICT is already playing a significant part in the rapid growth of demand for electricity in the CBDs of Australia’s major cities, including increased aid conditioning demand. Capping electricity demand growth from ICT will help to defer the major investments required to upgrade building electrical distribution infrastructure.

In the process of developing this strategy, consultation was undertaken with industry directly and via the Australian Information Industry Association (AIIA³) and participation in a forum organized by the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA) Equipment Energy Efficiency Program 29 July 2008.

Computer companies individually, in various non-profit initiatives and through formal national and international standards bodies have developed a number of initiatives for energy saving and customer awareness. The willing and expert input provided by stakeholders along the global supply chain has been invaluable in the development of this strategy. Not all of the suggestions provided could be directly accommodated in the strategy delivered here, nor is this intended to be a consensus document.

Australia is not alone in its efforts to construct and operate highly energy efficient personal and organizational computer users. Just some of the international activity underway in this area is explored in this report. It is hoped that Australia's actions can provide a pilot program to show other nations how to approach this problem.

Brief Review of the Current Situation

The ICT industry in Australia is one based on local software development using imported hardware. There is little incentive for selection of highly efficient PCs, or scope for bespoke local hardware design or production. PCs are selected based on the lowest capital costs. While there is more scope for energy costs to be included in corporate server systems with more custom design, servers are outside the scope of this report. The rapid turnover in desktop systems (with a life of 2 to five years) allows for relatively rapid changes to be made. However, environmental and energy issues are not included in professional ICT training and development.

Individuals and organizations have little incentive to invest in energy cost savings, nor access to the expertise to make such decisions. Company and government have awarded tenders on the lowest capital cost, and until recently, not specified any energy efficiency requirements. However, three federal government agencies issued requests for tender including energy efficiency requirements in August 2008:

1. Provision of Desktop, LAN, Helpdesk, and Midrange Services -, RFT 0708-705, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA), 7 August 2008

2. Supply and maintenance of IT equipment, ATM ID ebus-desktop-11Aug08, Agency Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research, 11-Aug-2008

3. Request for Tender for IT Hardware, ATM ID ANAOCM2008/1071, Australian National Audit Office (ANAO), 15-Aug-2008

DEWHA's tender was the most detailed, requiring at least a silver rating, on the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT™) specifications. The department of innovation and Audit office required energy efficiency to be provided in tender responses, without setting a required level. Consistent and mandatory energy saving specifications in Australian government tenders would assist the Australian ICT industry to invest in energy saving.

The Queensland Government uses the Government Information Technology Contracting Framework (GITC V5) for procurement of computers and services. The GITC, which is generally used by Australian governments, does not have much to say on sustainability or energy efficiency. However, the Queensland State Procurement Policy includes a chapter on Operational Concept – Sustainable procurement. The policy sets out general principles, with no specific targets on energy efficiency. The Standard GITC Clauses– Reference Sheet, includes a requirement for US EPA Energy Star energy efficiency:

5. Clause to be included in invitation document on energy
efficiency.

In keeping with the Queensland government’s commitment to the National Greenhouse Strategy/Government Energy Management Policy, where possible, office equipment supplied under this arrangement or against a Government purchase order must comply with the US EPA Energy Star or power management features and must be supplied in its enabled state where technically feasible. ...

From: Standard GITC Clauses– Reference Sheet, Queensland Government, 12/09/2005

The Queensland approach is consistent with the "Measures to Support Environmentally Friendly ICT" report from AGIMO. Australian Government departments and agencies are already encouraged to purchase office equipment that complies with the US Environment Protection Agency Energy Star standard (subject to it being fit for purpose). This includes ICT products. However, this has not been widely promoted, or monitored.

It is likely that many CIOs in federal and state governments would be unaware of energy efficiency purchasing polices, nor receiving reports on compliance and energy use. Where computer systems are networked, it is possible to monitor such compliance in near real time, via the network, rather than having procurement officers filling in paperwork. The federal and state governments could interrogate their systems to see how much power is being used and what the power saving status of the systems are.

The review of the Australian Government's management of information and communication technology has not yet been released. There is therefore the opportunity to include energy saving criteria for purchasing in any new procedures to be drawn up.

One issue which needs to be addressed in both government procurement policy and education for industry and the community is the Beer Fridge effect. New energy computers will not save any energy if the old inefficient computers are also retained. It is tempting to reuse old computers to save on materials use and save money. But old computers are likely to be energy inefficient and cost more to maintain. Just as it is tempting to use an old fridge in the back room as a beer fridge, it is tempting for organizations and individuals to hold onto old equipment.

The Industry

The ICT industry is relatively new but is now a significant part of the national economy. The ICT industry employs a wide range of specialist skills from business and engineering in fields from the former telecommunications and software industries and now including web development. However, apart from some engineers in the telecommunication industry, ICT professionals in Australia are almost exclusively trained in software and applications, not hardware development. As a result they have little appreciation of the physical requirements of computer systems for electrical power and cooling.

Some professionals work with facilities management, but almost exclusively in the development of large data centers, not desktop computer needs. It is generally assumed by ICT professionals specifying a system that the desktop computers will be installed in a standard office, with no need to consider power or cooling requirements.

The relative youth of the industry, the diverse backgrounds and lack of a local manufacturing base have meant that the industry has not developed its own identity. ICT professionals have tended to be from business (for Information Systems), science and mathematics (for computer scientists) and engineering (software engineers). Bodies including the AIIA and ACS have moved to address these issues.

The Australian Computer Society (ACS), the peak professional body for the IT sector, today announced a memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the ACS, the British Computer Society (BCS) and the Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS), to promote an agreed standard of ICT professionalism worldwide.

The MOU complements ACS involvement in an International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) sponsored taskforce aimed at attaining an international accredited IT Professional status. ...

From: ACS, British Computer Society & Canadian Information Processing Society sign MOU on international accreditation for ICT professionals, Media Release, ACS, 22 March 2007

The ACS and AIIA initiated a Green IT Taskforce, in July 2008, which includes in its aims the training and certification of ICT professionals in the use of energy standards for ICT.

The Technology

Despite their mass distribution as consumer products, PCs are complex devices made of hardware and software, designed to global standards. When combined into networks, the complexity of the systems increases. This complexity results in ICT professionals taking a conservative approach to changes which might make systems less reliable. Despite the public perception of rapid advances in IT development, new technologies can take a decade to move from being a research idea to a commonly deployed product. Efficiency of energy use is a relatively new idea for the ICT industry and professionals are rightly wary of implementing it at the cost of overall system reliability

Sustained high efficiency can be achieved through the design and selection of components in systems. However, most short term gains can be achieved through the configuration of systems and changes to user behavior. The most efficient PC will not save energy if the energy saving options have been switched off during installation or maintenance, due to the systems staff perceiving them as reducing the performance or reliability of the system. In contrast an older, less reliable hardware design can have its energy efficiency improved by careful system configuration to lower energy use when not running at full load.

A Social Contract

The ICT industry also has an essential social contract and economic obligation to deliver safe, effective and reliable PCs across Australia’s diverse requirement. At present this social contract is manifestly fulfilled by the self evident success of the industry in maintaining reliable ICT operation across the country. While not usually apparent to the clients, the ICT profession in Australia has been at the forefront of considerations of the ethics of the profession.

In 2005 the ICT profession partnered with the Australian Government and a consortium universities to fund a $900k research program into ethics and regulation in the ICT industry⁴. A series of articles for practitioners has been produced, in addition to formal research papers. These materials are now used in teaching ICT ethics at university⁵. The role of environmental impacts of ICT as an ethical issue was only briefly considered in this work. However, this could be included in the impacts.

The Challenge

The challenge is to continue to deliver the PCs and Monitors required while using less energy. The ICT industry appears ready to accept the challenge of reducing energy consumed per unit of delivered services and greenhouse emissions from the use of PCs. A number of significant initiatives are already under way by industry bodies, professional associations and consortia of stakeholders to improve aspects of the industry’s capability and develop and demonstrate high efficiency systems.

The Australian ICT Industry View

In March 2008 the Australian Information Industry Association’s (AIIA) Environmental Special Interest Group (E-SIG) prepared a position paper on the mandatory Minimum Energy Performance Standards for computers and monitors⁶. With around 500 member companies from the ICT industry the AIIA provides the largest single voice of the ICT industry in Australia. The AIIA advocated Australian regulations and standards should be consistent with international work on energy efficiency to minimize costs to industry and consumers. The AIIA pointed out that it and its members already participate in programs such as US EPA's Energy Star.

The AIIA do not support mandatory MEPS labeling for computers and monitors. AIIA recommended the Australian Government implement procurement incentives.

The Personal Computer and Monitors Energy Efficiency Strategy Overview

The purpose of the PCMS is to provide an overall framework for action addressing the obstacles to highly efficient PCs. The primary objective of the PCMS is to reduce energy used in

PCs in Australia to 2020 by 50%:

• Improving the awareness, technical and management skills of people involved throughout the industry, from selection to operation;

• Improving individual and corp[orate customer awareness of the need for and benefits of energy saving;

• Setting an energy efficiency standard for PCs and Monitors;

• Providing information on energy saving of PCs and Monitors offered for sale in Australia;

• Using government procurement policy to encourage complain products and information.

The Climate Savers Computing Initiative⁷, was started by Google and Intel in 2007, and now includes many major ICT manufacturing companies. The Initiative aims to achieve a 50% reduction in power consumption by computers by 2010 and a 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of PCs and Monitors delivered over the next decade.

The Climate Savers 50% target by 2010 appears overly ambitious, but a target for a later date would seem reasonable. A US EPA funded study of energy saving measures for the US state of Virginia⁸ has proposed a 49% cut in energy use by office equipment, including computers, by 2015. Therefore setting a target of 2020 for Australia appears achievable.

People, Practices and Systems

The major impediment to achieving energy savings with ICT is not the technology, but the behavior of the people working in the ICT industry, selecting and operating the computer equipment. Measures to address this can include:

• Plugging Skills gaps and inadequate skill levels and delivering training materials, training courses, systems of accreditation and improve skill levels across the industry, raising the profile of and value attributed to, highly skilled industry participants;

• Identifying market failures in terms of both energy and economic efficiency and support the creation of policies, programs, and incentives that work to counter market failures;

• Performance indicators for the industry on energy consumption of PCs; and

• Case studies and industry briefings via existing industry and professional associations.

• Education programs for consumers and industry customers.

• International involvement in energy saving initiatives by government and industry.

Strategy Structure

The strategy needs to align with relevant practices in the ICT industry. Government can support the implementation of the strategy by employing the standards and practices proposed by the industry in their own procurement and use of ICT.

The areas for actions identified here will need to be cost justified, developed and tested consultation process with stakeholders along the ICT supply chain. An industry steering group will be needed with working parties, each with briefs to research and develop proposals for across areas including:

1. Documentation, commissioning and maintenance e processes

2. Education and training

3. ICT performance measures and ratings

4. Industry statistics.

All Australian Governments are committed to reducing Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are few statistics available as to the emission from ICT. In 2007 the ACS released results of a carbon audit showing ICT generated 1.52% of national emissions. This was the first of its kind in the world, and the results broadly agree with later report. However, the study had to exclude emissions from government use of ICT as no reliable statistics were available for this sector. It is likely that the real figure for Australian ICT is higher, at around 2% of national emissions. New regular, more detailed studies will need to be undertaken.

Addressing personnel and skills shortages

1. Providing new skill sets to existing ICT professionals

2. Creating new training opportunities for new entrants

3. Creating new transferable, nationally standard, market recognised qualifications and competencies

Priority 1 – Training Practitioners

Objective

Improve the expertise of ICT professionals.

Obstacle

In many instances, practitioners in the ICT industry would benefit from possessing a wider range of systems analysis skills, and a deeper understanding of issues and skills closely related to their areas of specialization.

Response

Sustainable ICT E-learning Modules

Expand the Sustainable IT Lecture Series⁹ into a free e-learning package available to universities and professional bodies for training ICT professionals in sustainability. Focus the content on energy efficiency and draw on case studies of real world energy saving projects. Incorporate the program in professional programs, such as the Computer Professional Education Program.

Initiative 2 – Standards

Energy Efficiency Standards

Adopt the US EPA Energy Star energy efficiency program

Priority 1 – Standards for Energy Efficiency

Comprehensive standards for energy efficiency of products. Individual, corporate and government buyers will be able to use the same standard to identify energy efficient products.

Obstacles

No Australian standard exists for ICT energy efficiency. The Equipment Energy Efficiency Program (E3) runs the Minimum Performance Energy Standards (MEPS) project, works with industry to increase energy efficiency and consumer awareness, through initiatives such as Energy Rating labels applied to appliances. However, such a mandatory labeling scheme is not suitable for computers. In addition Energy Star may need some adaption for Australia, with products in Australia having a different life cycle to those in the USA.

Response 1:

Adopt Energy Star Program

The Energy Star Program from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Energy is designed to encourage energy efficient products and practices. The scheme provides an alternative energy rating system for computers and monitors.

Obstacles

Australian ICT products may have slightly different product codes to the versions tested in the USA under the Energy Star system. It can therefore be difficult for consumers and corporate buyers to check energy star conformance claims.

Response

Develop a web based standard format for environmental product data, suitable for use in Australia and as an international standard. The e-Product standard could use Microformats¹⁰, to include machine readable product data in the same web pages which have easy to read summary data for consumers. Corporate and government systems would automatically harvest this data for use ion large scale procurements, while consumers read the summary information from individual web pages.

Energy Efficiency in Government Procurement

Adopt the US EPA Energy Star energy efficiency standards for government procurement

Priority 1 – Standards for Energy Efficiency in Government Procurement

Objectives

Promote energy efficiency in government procurement.

Obstacles

Complexity of government procurement practices for government staff and tendering companies.

Response:

Adopt Energy Star and simplified version of US Government procedures. Instead of asking companies to supply detailed energy performance specifications, request just the web address of where the details are publicly available on the web in a standard format.

Energy Star standards are voluntary, but have been made mandatory for some US Government purchasing:

• The Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires ENERGY STAR or other efficient products. Notice of Proposed Rule provides guidance on this.

• Executive Order 13423 requires agencies to activate ENERGY STAR “sleep” features on computers and monitors. The Council on Environmental Quality issued instructions on this.

In addition to direct government purchasing for use by the Australian Public Service, the policy could be applied to federally funded programs which involve significant purchase of ICT equipment . A primary example of this is the Australian Government's $1.2 billion Digital Education Revolution with funding for computers in schools. Including a requirement for energy efficiency for computers purchased under the scheme would require minor changes and may result in a lowering of the cost of the program. A requirement to consider energy efficiency would encourage schools and education authorities to consider how to provide the optimal mix of computer faciitiles for learning, rather than trying to buy the most equipment for every student.

Priority 3 – Promotion and Market Information, Finding Shared Incentives

Objectives

Identify and promote the benefits to consumers and organizations of the benefits of energy saving with ICT.

Obstacles

Companies will tend to wish to promote their own products, rather than take an industry view of consumer awareness. Programs developed for North America or Europe may not translate to Australian Conditions.

Response:

E-use Program

Promote and support professionals and businesses who promote energy saving to consumers. Invite international consortia to expand their programs to Australia. Provide resources for local branches of consortia to adapt their programs to Australian conditions. Encourage the ICT industry to support local initiatives, such as Computers Off Australia.

Initiative 3 - Systems

Technology and Innovation

Making innovation accessible, acceptable and effective.

Priority 1 - Monitoring Energy Use

Objective

Demonstrate the efficacy of ICT energy saving by regular audits of ICT energy use.

Obstacle

Meaningful comparative information about the performance of PCs in use is not readily available.

Response:

ICT Climate Audit:

Develop an annual ICT energy audit. This could be broadly based on the ACS/Ethan Group 2007 report methodology and the Greening Whitegoods analysis. These two reports used different methodologies to estimate the energy use of products. The ACS ICT study was based on an estimate of products in use. Greening Whitegoods looked at the efficiency of new products purchased. A combination of these two approaches could be used.

1  Overview of the Australian ICT industry, Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, November 2006

2ACS reveals ICT's Carbon Footprint, Media Release , the Australian Computer Society, 16 August 2007

3AIIA's commitment to the environment and sustainability, Australian Information Industry Association, 2008

4 The ACS & ACS Foundation announces globally ground-breaking research into ICT ethics, Media Release, Australian Computer Society, 17 February 2005

5Ethics for ICT Professionals, Tom Worthington, For ANU Perspectives on Computing (COMP1200), 2008

6AIIA Position Paper on Minimum Energy Performance Standards for Computers and Monitors, Prepared by AIIA E-SIG March 2008

7Climate Savers Computing Initiative, 2008

8Section 31. Office Equipment, Energizing Virginia: Efficiency First, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Summit Blue Consulting, ICF International, Synapse Energy Economics, September 19, 2008

9Sustainable IT Lecture Series, The Natural Edge Project, 2008

10Microformats.org, 2008

11 ROI Analysis: Reducing 856,000 Pounds of CO2 Emissions through Remote Services and Off-Hours Power Management, Government Case Study:  Power Management and CO2 Reduction, Intel, 2008

Personal Computer and Monitors Energy Efficiency Strategy by Tom Worthington is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia License.