Electronic Document Management Overview

Tom Worthington FACS HLM

For the course Electronic Document Management

E-Document Management

Allows legally recognised documents used to be created, transmitted and stored.

See: Records Creation to Archive, State Records of South Australia

Electronic Document Management allows legally recognised documents used in e-commerce transactions to be created, transmitted and stored. Without electronic document management, fast and efficient e-commerce transactions would be buried under mounds of paper documenting the transactions, or be tied up in litigation over the authenticity of the electronic originals.

The State Records of South Australia has a useful description of the process of: Records Creation to Archive.

In 1995 a government committee, chaired by the author, made recommendations for electronic document management in Australian Government Agencies. Here is an overview of the issues, from the report:

Complete document life cycle

Electronic document management systems are more than just systems for tracking the location of electronic documents. Such systems should manage documents for their complete life cycle based on the value of the document to the agency's business. Just as there are standard procedures for the registration of paper documents and records, suitable procedures should be implemented to manage each electronic document throughout its life from creation to disposal...

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Requirements for Electronic Document Management

Whatever strategy is adopted, the document management system must:

  • provide adequate context information for documents;
  • provide means to prove the authenticity of documents used as evidence
  • provide for the disposal of records in conformance with the Archives Act 1983;
  • be robust against organisational or technological change;
  • provide levels of support for different types of document that accord with agency policy; and
  • provide links between paper and electronic documents.

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Evidence for Electronic Document Management

All agencies must manage evidence. Evidence is the proof of how we acted. It is how we deal with our clients, customers, other agencies or bodies in the private sector, and how they deal with us. It is the basis from which we report to government and the voters. It is what we use to show we run our agencies efficiently and effectively. Above all it is what we use to discharge some obligation because we are held accountable for our actions...

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Problems with Electronic Document Management

  • confusion between different versions of a document (e.g. because there may be multiple copies, none of which is the authoritative version);

  • loss or destruction of documents that should be kept (e.g. because there is no central repository ...);

  • questionable authenticity, because of possible manipulation of text in electronic documents;

  • loss of context of documents (e.g. because related documents are not linked or kept together); and

  • documents becoming inaccessible because of technological change (e.g. changes in software ...).

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Design Issues

  1. Provision of context
  2. Authenticity
  3. Disposal of documents and records
  4. Robustness against organisational change
  5. Robustness against technological change
  6. Management of working documents
  7. Links to paper systems

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Provision of context

In electronic systems, documents are stored as discrete entities, without any necessary relationship to other documents. In a business environment, documents rarely occur in isolation. They may, for example, be part of a transaction, part of a discussion on a topic, or a progress report on a project. They may refer to other documents. These relationships are part of a document's context. The context is important in locating and retrieving documents and groups of documents. ...

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Authenticity

... How do we know that a retrieved electronic document is a correct representation of the original document? If we wish to use it as evidence, how do we prove that it is? ...

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Disposal of documents and records

Disposal of documents and records is dictated by the archives policies applying to the agency or organisation. In the case of agencies covered by the Archives Act 1983, disposal is based on the concept of disposal classes, each of which has a designated retention period. ...

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Robustness against organisational change

Government agencies are subject to internal reorganisation, splitting into multiple agencies, mergers with other agencies, and transfer of functions to and from other agencies, on a timescale which is short compared with that required for records management. ...

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Robustness against technological change

Electronic documents rapidly become unreadable due to changes in hardware technology and in software. ...

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Management of working documents

Although working documents are not part of the corporate store, there are situations where it might be seen as useful if the document management system has some knowledge of them. ...

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Links to paper systems

Where paper and electronic documents exist within the same agency, links between documents in the two media must be possible. ...

From: Improving Electronic Document Management: Guidelines for Australian Government Agencies, Office of Government Information Technology, 1995, Archive copy at URL: http://www.defence.gov.au/imsc/edmsc/iedmtc.htm

Design Responses

Records Management

  • applies to the management of records, in all formats or media, created or received by any public or private organization in the conduct of its activities, or any individual with a duty to create and maintain records,

  • provides guidance on determining the responsibilities of organizations for records and records policies, procedures, systems and processes,

  • provides guidance on records management in support of a quality process framework ...

  • provides guidance on the design and implementation of a records system, but

  • does not include the management of archival records within archival institutions. ...

From: "Introduction to Australian Standard AS ISO 15489, State Records of South Australia , 2005, URL: http://www.archives.sa.gov.au/files/management_ARM_ISO15489.pdf

Electronic document management is a specialised form of records management. The International Standard on Records Management (ISO 15489) covers both electronic and paper records management. The international standard was based on Australian Standard AS 4390-1996.

Like other standards, ISO 15489 is a voluntary code of practice. However, such standards are commonly adopted by government agencies and companies to satisfy courts that their records are well kept. This is particularly important where there are no paper records to present to a court as evidence of a transaction. A court will need to be convinced that electronic records are well kept by an organisation, for those records to be used in evidence.

More Information

Slides for these notes are also available.

Copyright © 2007 (version of 17 October 2007)Tom Worthington

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